谁能帮我翻译一下 归化与异化 异化和归化翻译
在英汉语中，异化与归化的内涵究竟有多宽？异化 / 归化翻译的结果不能用形似和神似来描述。异化和归化是一种策略，在实践中，直译、改译、增译等方法都可能被采用。作为一对专有翻译术语， Foeignizing translation / domesticating translation 只是在最新的英文学术著作中得到阐述。而 free translation / literal translation 则不然。 “ 看一个翻译是归化翻译还是异化翻译，完全取决于文化形态的重构，翻译在这一形态中得到生产和销售；什么是归化或异化只有在考虑到改变译入语文化的价值关系时才能得到界定。 ”[2] （ Mona Baker, 1998:243 ）
“ 当前在对 ‘ 归化 ' 问题的认识上，译界同仁应该区分归化法的两种前提：一是忠实原则下的归化，二是非忠实前提下的归化。前者总体上是规定性的，后者则是描述性的；前者是原语中心论的，后者则是译语和译语文化取向的。 ” （葛校琴， 2002 ： 33 ）这一区分基本上是对的。然而，我们还可对它们的性质作出区分：忠实原则下的归化是语言层面的，关心的是翻译的艺术效果，是一种翻译的方法；非忠实前提下的归化是文化层面的，关心的是翻译的意识形态，是一种翻译的策略。至今我们讨论的翻译研究存在两种不同的异化和归化，第一种是 Venuti 的术语，已在在前面提到，另一种是一些中国反复使用的归化 / 异化，笔者用英文的 assimilation （ adaptation ）和 adaptation 来指代它们。异化和归化翻译表现为文化的思考，从翻译的意识形态看其对文学乃至文化产生的影响，属于文学批评和哲学范畴。带有后殖民的解构意义的异化一词运用到翻译之中是近几年的事，反映在翻译实践上，主要体现为以书写符号为表现形式的文学翻译。
西方学者用一个图表来大致显示 Jerome 对不同性质的翻译所作的区分 [2] ，根据当前关于翻译的归化 / 异化讨论，笔者同样想借用两个图表来揭示它们之间的差异：
1 ．（ If translation is carried out on the dimension of linguistics ）
2. (If translation is carried out on the dimension of cultural studies)
上述图表说明了传统意义上的异化 / 归化和现代意义上的异化 / 归化具有不同的功能与目的，在汉语中我们用同样的词语来表示它们，但在英语中，语言层面的归化 / 异化是用 assimilation (adaptation) / alienation 来表达的 , 而文化层面的归化 / 异化是用 domesticating/ foreignzing 来表达的。当然，我们也可象处理文化一词一样，用首字母大写的 Domesticating/ Foreignzing 来指作为文化策略的归化和异化，用首字母小写的 domesticating/foreignizing 来指当今文化层面上的直译。小写字母的归化 / 异化是意译 / 直译的延伸与发展，而大写字母归化 / 异化是意译 / 直译的革命，开拓了翻译研究的新的领域。
In English and Chinese, alienation and the content of naturalization Just how wide » Alienation / naturalization translation of the results can not be used to describe the shape and spirit likeness. Alienation and naturalization is a strategy, in practice, the literal translation, to translate, by translation, and other methods may be used. As a proprietary translation of the term, Foeignizing translation / domesticating translation only in the latest academic works in English have described. And free translation / literal translation are not. "Read a translation of translation is to the alienation or translation, depends entirely on the cultural patterns of the reconstruction, translation in this form are in production and sales; What is the naturalization or alienation only taking into account the change in the target language and cultural relations between the value of When can be defined. "[2] (Mona Baker, 1998:243)
"At present in the 'naturalization' awareness of the problem, the translation industry colleagues naturalization law should distinguish between the two premises: First, faithfully under the principles of naturalization, the non-faithful under the prerequisite of naturalization. The former general is to provide sexual , While the latter is descriptive of the former is the original language of the Centre, while the latter is the target language and cultural orientation of the target language. "(GE Xiao Qin, 2002: 33) This distinction is basically correct. However, we can for them to distinguish the nature of: faithfully under the principles of naturalization is the language level, the concern is the translation of the artistic effect, is a translation; non-faithful to the premise of the cultural dimension of care Is the translation of ideology, is a translation of the strategy. So far we discussed the existence of two different translation of alienation and naturalization, the first Venuti is the terminology, have mentioned earlier, and the other is China's repeated use of some of the naturalization / alienation, the author of assimilation in English (Adaptation) and adaptation to refer to them. In the translation of alienation and cultural performance for the thinking, from ideology to see the translation of literary and cultural impact of a literary criticism and philosophical context. Deconstruction of a post-colonial sense of alienation to the use of the word translation of the past few years, reflected in the practice of translation, mainly reflected in the form of written symbols for the performance of literary translation.
Western scholars have generally used a chart to show Jerome's translation of the different nature of the distinction made [2], in accordance with the current translation on the naturalization / alienation of discussion, I would like to borrow the same two charts to reveal the differences between them:
1. (If translation is carried out on the dimension of linguistics)
2. (If translation is carried out on the dimension of cultural studies)
Note the chart above the traditional sense of alienation / naturalization and the modern sense of alienation / naturalization have different functions and purposes, in Chinese, we use the same words to express them, but in English, the language level of naturalization / Alienation is assimilation (adaptation) / alienation to express, and cultural dimensions of the naturalization / alienation is domesticating / foreignzing to express. Of course, we can deal with culture as the word, with initial capital letters of Domesticating / Foreignzing to refer to as a cultural strategy of naturalization and alienation, using the lowercase first letter of domesticating / foreignizing to refer to the contemporary culture at the level of literal translation. Lowercase letters of naturalization / alienation is a free translation / transliteration of the extension and development, and capital letters naturalization / alienation is a free translation / transliteration of the revolution, opened up the translation of the new field of study.
斤斤计较
国内学者将归化 / 异化等同的现象在葛校琴文章中得到了讨论。葛在探讨这一对概念时有一个前提，即在抛开归化 / 异化的当下语境，而且根据的是字面意思。 [4] 归化 / 异化的两种翻译倾向自有翻译以来就经常交锋，在上一个世纪，有围绕鲁迅的 “ 硬译 ” 而展开的洋化与归化之争。在此以前，严复、林纾、梁启超等人的翻译，均可视为归化的翻译。 “ 鲁迅的 ‘ 硬译 ' 及他的翻译思想是出于他 ‘ 反对封建主义，改造国民性 ' 的理念。但鲁迅的意图招致了误读， ‘ 硬译 ' 的倡议最终淹没在归化论的喧嚣声中。后来傅雷的 ‘ 神似 ' 论、钱钟书的 ‘ 化境 ' 说可以说都是归化论的延伸。可见，归化 / 异化的讨论往往都是归化论占上风，虽说大家都赞成要保留洋味。 ” （葛校琴， 2002 ： 33 ）葛文是针对国内兴起的新一轮归化 / 异化讨论而来的。因为在这次关于异化 / 归化的讨论中，人们几乎 “ 一边倒地认为翻译应该提倡异化 ” 。客观地说，葛的提醒不无道理。但笔者觉得葛所提醒国内有关归化 / 异化翻译学者的问题，要辨证地对待。我们的一些学者在响应西方学者提出的归化 / 异化翻译主张的同时，提高了欧化翻译即当年鲁迅所提倡的并受到梁实秋等人诘责的 “ 硬译 ” 的地位。当年鲁迅曾希望翻译能够给传达新思想，并为中国的语言引进新的表现形式，从而给中国文化输入新的血液，带来新的生机。遗憾的是，在上世纪，归化 / 异化的讨论往往都是归化论占上风。虽然我们不能排除今天的一些学者存在理论上的误读，即他们希望接受 Venuti 等西方学者的观点，但在实践上却未能得到很好的贯彻，但他们的呼吁和实践却创造了异化 / 直译的前所未有的大好局面，使翻译研究从过去的语言层面上升到文化的层面，直译的方法得到广泛的认可。
所以，我们要辨证地对待这一问题。首先，我们对西方的归化 / 异化翻译策略要有更多的评介，如果理论上浅尝辄止，我们的研究的可行性就会大打折扣；其次，位于语言文化层面的异化 / 归化讨论是可以接受的，但这些研究不应该脸谱化，带个面具，放进一些例句，就把文章写出来了，这样做，无疑会降低翻译研究的学术地位。再其次，异化 / 归化策略的讨论如何能同翻译的理论与实践结合的更紧一些，这可能是翻译理论建设中的一个重要课题，我们不仅要从传统的翻译理论上考虑，还要从跨学科角度去考虑翻译理论的建构，惟有如此，我们的翻译研究才能不断保持生机勃勃。
Domestic scholars will naturalization / alienation of the same phenomenon in GE Xiao Qin has been discussed in the article. GE to explore the concept of a premise, that is set aside naturalization / alienation of the current context, and based on the literal meaning. [4] naturalization / alienation of the two tend to its own translation of translation has been frequently and, in the last century, around the Lu Xun's "hard Translation" and launched the Yanghua and naturalization dispute. Prior to this, Yan Fu, Lin Shu, Liangqichaodeng the translation, can be regarded as the translation of naturalization. "Lu Xun's' hard Translation 'and the translation of his thinking is out of his' opposition feudalism, and transformation of national character,' the idea. However, Lu Xun's intention to invite a misunderstanding, 'hard Translation' initiative eventually drowned in the naturalization On the sound of the city. Later, Fu Lei's' spirit likeness' On, Qian Zhongshu 'delivering' that can be said is an extension of naturalization. Clearly, naturalization / alienation of the discussions are often naturalization On the upper hand, Although that we have all agreed to retain the foreign flavor. "(GE Xiao Qin, 2002: 33) GE is for the domestic rise of a new round of naturalization / alienation from the discussion. In this regard alienation / naturalization in the discussion, almost "one-sided that the translation should promote alienation."
Objectively speaking, GE reminder is not unreasonable. But I think GE reminded by the relevant domestic naturalization / alienation translation scholars, we should treat Syndrome. Some of our scholars in response to Western scholars put the naturalization / alienation that the translation at the same time, enhance the Europeanization of translation that was advocated by the Lu Xun and Liang Shiqiu, who Jieze by the "hard Translation" status. Lu Xun had hoped that the translation was able to convey new ideas, and for the Chinese language to introduce new forms, thus to the Chinese culture to enter a new blood, new vitality. Unfortunately, in the last century, naturalization / alienation of the discussions are often naturalization On the upper hand. Although we can not rule out the existence of some scholars today's misreading of the theory, that is, they want to accept Venuti and other Western scholars point of view, but in practice has not been properly implemented, but their appeals and practice has created the alienation / literal translation The unprecedented good situation so that the translation of research from the past up to the level of language and cultural level, the literal translation method is widely recognized.
Therefore, we have to deal with this issue Syndrome. First of all, we in the West of naturalization / alienation translation strategies should be more review, if the theory Qianchangzhezhi, we will study the feasibility of greatly reduced; Secondly, the language and culture at the level of alienation / naturalization is discussed Acceptable, but these studies should not be profiling, with a mask, put some phrases, they wrote the article, to do so, it will undoubtedly lower the academic status of translation studies. Third, the alienation / naturalization strategy of how to discuss with the translation of theory and practice of combining some of the more aggressive, which could translate theory is in the construction of an important subject, we should not only consider the traditional theory of translation, but also Interdisciplinary perspective to consider the translation of theory building, only that we can continue the translation of research to maintain vitality.
归化与异化
naturalisation and dissimilation
归化:
Naturalization !
异化:
disassimilation !
归化:Naturalization
异化:disassimilation
归化与异化
Be naturalized with the dissimilation
归化：Be naturalized
异化：Dissimilation
