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英语高手进!详细的英语语法总结

作者&投稿:杜敬 (若有异议请与网页底部的电邮联系)
求英语语法概括总结,谢谢啦~

情态动词用法归纳

情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,但要与不带to的普通动词的不定式一起使用,给谓语动词增添情态色彩,表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,认为其可能、应该或必要等。
情态动词后面加动词原形。

情态动词有can (could), may (might), must, have to, shall (should, will (would), dare (dared), need (needed), ought to等。 情态动词无人称和数的变化;不能单独使用,必须与其后的动词原形构成谓语

一、 can, could

1) 表示能力(体力、知识、技能)。

Can you lift this heavy box?(体力)

Mary can speak three languages.(知识)

Can you skate?(技能)

此时可用be able to代替。Can只有一般现在时和一般过去式;而be able to则有更多的时态。

I’ll not be able to come this afternoon.

当表示“经过努力才得以做成功某事”时应用be able to,不能用Can。如:

He was able to go to the party yesterday evening in spite of the heavy rain.

2) 表示请求和允许。

-----Can I go now?

----- Yes, you can. / No, you can’t.

此时可与may互换。在疑问句中还可用could,

might代替,不是过去式,只是语气更委婉,不能用于肯定句和答语中。

---- Could I come to see you tomorrow?

---- Yes, you can. ( No, I’m afraid not. )

3) 表示客观可能性(客观原因形成的能力)。

They’ve changed the timetable, so we can go by bus instead.

This hall can hold 500 people at least.

4) 表示推测(惊讶、怀疑、不相信的态度),用于疑问句、否定句和感叹句中。

Can this be true?

This can’t be done by him.

How can this be true?

二、 may, might

1) 表示请求和允许。might比 may语气更委婉,而不是过去式。否定回答时可用can’t

或mustn’t,表示“不可以,禁止”。

----Might/ May I smoke in this room?

---- No, you mustn’t.

---- May/Might I take this book out of the room?

---- Yes, you can. (No, you can’t / mustn’t. )

用May I...?征徇对方许可时比较正式和客气,而用Can I...?在口语中更常见。

2)用于祈使句,表示祝愿。

May you succeed!

3) 表示推测、可能性(不用于疑问句)。

might不是过去式,它所表示的可能性比may小。

1.He may /might be very busy now.

2.Your mother may /might not know the truth.

三、 must, have to

1) 表示必须、必要。

You must come in time.

在回答引出的问句时,如果是否定的,不能用mustn’t(禁止,不准),而用needn’t, don’t have to(不必).

---- Must we hand in our exercise books today?

---- Yes, you must.

---- No, you don’t have to / you needn’t.

2) must是说话人的主观看法, 而have to则强调客观需要。Must只有一般现在时, have to 有更多的时态形式。

1. he play isn’t interesting, I really must go now.

2. I had to work when I was your age.

3) 表示推测、可能性(只用于肯定的陈述句)

1. You’re Tom’s good friend, so you must know what he likes best.

2. Your mother must be waiting for you now.

四、 dare, need

1) dare作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中, 过去式形式为dared。

1. How dare you say I’m unfair?

2. He daren’t speak English before such a crowd, dare he?

3. If we dared not go there that day, we couldn’t get the beautiful flowers.

2) need 作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to, should代替。

1.You needn’t come so early.

2. ---- Need I finish the work today?

---- Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t.

3) dare和 need作实义动词用时, 有人称、时态和数的变化。在肯定句中,dare后面常接带to的不定式。在疑问句和否定句中,dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。而need后面只能接带to的不定式。

1. I dare to swim across this river.

2. He doesn’t dare (to) answer.

3. He needs to finish his homework today.

五、 shall, should

1) shall 用于第一人称,征求对方的意见。

What shall we do this evening?

2) shall 用于第二、三人称,表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。

1. You shall fail if you don’t work hard.(警告)

2. He shall have the book when I finish it.(允诺)

3. He shall be punished.(威胁)

六、 will, would

1) 表示请求、建议等,would更委婉。

Will / Would you pass me the ball, please?

2) 表示意志、愿望和决心。

1. I will never do that again.

2. They asked him if he would go abroad.

3) would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。would表示过去习惯时比used to正式,且没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。

1. During the vacation, he would visit me every other day.

2. The wound would not heal.

4) 表示估计和猜想。

It would be about ten o’clock when she left home.

七、 should, ought to

1) should, ought to表示“应该”,ought to表示义务或责任,比should语气重。

1. I should help her because she is in trouble.

2. You ought to take care of the baby.

2) 表示劝告、建议和命令。should, ought to可通用,但在疑问句中常用should。

1. You should / ought to go to class right away.

2. Should I open the window?

3) 表示推测

should , ought to (客观推测), must(主观推测)。

1.He must be home by now. (断定他已到家)

2.He ought to/should be home by now.(不太肯定)

3. This is where the oil must be.(直爽)

4. This is where the oil ought to/should be.(含蓄)

我的建议:

1》最好去书店看看,找一本适合自己的参考书。有语法总结和练习题那种,最好配有中考题

2》从百度上搜下,为下策。

一、 一般现在时
  1.概念:表示经常发生的情况;有规律出现的情况;总是发生的;和事实真理。   2.时间状语: Always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week(day, year, month…), on Sundays(on Mondays …),   3.基本结构:动词 原形 (如主语为第三人称单数,动词上要改为第三人称单数形式)   4.否定形式:主语+am/is/are +not+其他; 此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't, 如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。   5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首;用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。   6.例句:It seldom snows here.这里很少下雪。   He is always ready to help others.他总是乐于帮助别人。   Action speaks louder than words.事实胜于雄辩。
二、 一般过去时
  1.概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。   2.时间状语:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.   3.基本结构:主语+动词或be的过去时+名词   4.否定形式:主语+was/were +not+其他;在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。   5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。   6.例句:She often came to help us in those days.那些天她经常来帮助我们。   I didn't know you were so busy.我不知道你是这么忙。
三、 一般将来时
  1.概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。   2.时间状语:Tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.   3.基本结构:主语+am/is/are +going to + do+其它;主语+will/shall + do+其它   4.否定形式:主语+am/is/are not going to do ;主语+will/shall not do+其它   5.一般疑问句:be放于句首;will/shall提到句首。 {首字母大写}   6.例句:They are going to have a competition with us in studies.他们将有一场比赛和我们一起研究。   It is going to rain.天要下雨了。
四、 一般过去将来时
  1.概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。   2.时间状语:The next day (morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.   3.基本结构:主语+was/were +going to + do+其它;主语+would/should + do+其它   4.否定形式:主语+was/were+not + going to + do; 主语+would/should + not + do.   5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;would/should 提到句首。   6.例句:He said he would go to Beijing the next day.他说他第二天要去北京。   I asked who was going there.我问,谁要去那里。
五、 现在进行时
  1.概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。   2.时间状语:Now, at this time, days, etc. look. listen   3.基本结构:主语+be +doing +其它   4.否定形式:主语+be +not +doing+其它   5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。   6.例句:How are you feeling today?你今天感觉如何?   He is doing well in his lessons.在课上他表现得很好。
六、 过去进行时
  1.概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。   2.时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。   3.基本结构 主语+was/were +doing +其它   4.否定形式:主语+was/were + not +doing+其它   5.一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写)   6.例句:At that time she was working in a PLA unit.那段时间她在人民解放军部队工作。   When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.他进来时,我正在读报纸。
七、 将来进行时
  1.概念:表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作,或表示要在将来某一时间开始,并继续下去的动作。常用来表示询问、请求等。   2.时间状语:Soon, tomorrow, this evening,on Sunday, by this time,in two days, tomorrow evening   3.基本结构:主语+shall/will + be +现在分词+其它   4.否定形式:主语+shall/will + not + be +现在分词+其它   5.例句:This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.下一天的这个时间,他们正坐在电影院。   He won’t be coming to the party.他不去参加聚会了。
八、 过去将来进行时
  1.概念:表示就过去某一时间而言,将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作,主要用于宾语从句中,尤其多用于间接引语中。   2.基本结构:should/would + be +现在分词   3.例句:They said they would be coming.他们说了他们将要来。   He said he could not come because he would be having a meeting.他说他不能来因为要开会。
九、 现在完成时
  1.概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。   2.时间状语:yet,already,just,never,ever,so far,by now,since+时间点,for+时间段,recently, lately, in the past few years, etc.   3.基本结构:主语+have/has +p.p(过去分词)+其它   4.否定形式:主语+have/has + not +p.p(过去分词)+其它   5.一般疑问句:have或has放句首。   6.例句:I've written an article.我已经写了一篇论文。   The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.在过去的几年,农村发生了巨大的变化。
十、 过去完成时
  1.概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。   2.时间状语:Before, by the end of last year (term, month…), etc.   3.基本结构:主语+had + p.p(过去分词)+其它 4.否定形式:主语+had + not +p.p(过去分词)+其它   5.一般疑问句:had放于句首。   6.例句:As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.当我们到车站的时候,火车已经开走了。   By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books.到上个月底。我们已经复习了四本书。   基本结构:主语+had+p.p(过去分词)+其它   ①肯定句:主语+ had+p.p(过去分词)+其它   ②否定句:主语+ had+ not+p.p(过去分词)+其它   ③一般疑问句:Had+主语+p.p(过去分词)+其它   ④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
十一、 将来完成时
  1.概念:在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态   2.时间状语:by the time of; by the end of+时间短语(将来);by the time+从句(将来)   3.基本结构:主语+be going to/will/shall + have+p.p(过去分词)+其它   4例句:By the time you get back, great changes will have taken place in this area.到你回来的时候,就将发生巨大的变化。
十二、 过去将来完成时
  1.概念:表示在过去某一时间对将来某一时刻以前所会发生的动作,常用在虚拟语气中,表示与过去的事实相反。   2.基本结构:should/would have done sth.   3.例句:I thought you'd have left by this time.我想这会儿你已经走了。   He told them he would have finished it by 8 o'clock.他告诉他们他会在8点以前干完。
十三、 现在完成进行时
  1.概念:表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚刚开始,也可能仍在继续,并可能延续到将来。   2.基本结构:主语+have/has +been +doing+其它   3.时间状语:since+时间点,for+时间段等。   4.例子:I have been sitting here for an hour.我已经在这里坐了一个小时。   The children have been watching TV since six o'clock.从6点起,孩子们一直看电视。
十四、 过去完成进行时
  1.概念:表示某个正在进行的动作或状态,持续到过去某个时刻,还未完成,一直持续到之后的当前才结束。   2.基本结构:主语+ had + been + doing +其它   3.例子:She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.她在考试之前一直患重感冒。   Had they been expecting the news for some time?他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧?   4.特殊含义:①尚未完成:He had been writing the novel.他已经在写小说了。(他没写完)   ②企图:He had been studying the meaning of this proverb.他曾经学习过这个谚语。(他曾努力学习过它)   ③未得结果:We had been studying what our enemy had said.我们一直致力于敌人所说的。(但是我们没有理解)   ④最近情况:He had been quarrelling with his wife.他和他的妻子吵了一场架。(最近)   ⑤反复动作:He had been asking me the same question.他一直问我相同的问题。(屡次)   ⑥情绪:What had he been doing?他做了什么?(不耐烦)
十五、 将来完成进行时
  1.概念:表示动作从某一时间开始一直延续到将来某一时间。是否继续下去,要视上下文而定。   2.基本结构:shall/will have been doing   3.例子:I shall have been working here in this factory for twenty years by the end of the year.到今年年底,我将在这个工厂工作20年了。   If we don't hurry up the store will have been closing before we get there. 咱们如不快一点儿,等我们到了那儿,店门就会关了。
十六、 过去将来完成进行时
  1.概念:表示从过去某时看至未来某时以前会一直在进行的动作。   2.基本结构:should/would + have + been +现在分词   3.例子:He told me that by the end of the year he would have been living there for thirty years.他告诉我,到年底时,他就在那住了30年了。
宾语从句
  名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。   1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句   由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如:   He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。   We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。   注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如:   I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。   The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。   2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如:   I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。   She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。   She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。   3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:   a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。例如:   Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。   The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?现在的问题是她是否应该有对测试的小意见?   Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。   I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。   Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留?   4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用   不同时态。例如:   he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时)   he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时)   I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时)   he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时)   当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如:   The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.   5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如:   We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。   I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。
宾语从句
  名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。   1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句   由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如:   He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。   We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。   注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如:   I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。   The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。   2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如:   I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。   She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。   She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。   3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:   a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。例如:   Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。   The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?现在的问题是她是否应该有对测试的小意见?   Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。   I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。   Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留?   4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用   不同时态。例如:   he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时)   he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时)   I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时)   he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时)   当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如:   The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.   5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如:   We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。   I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。

一、 一般现在时
  1.概念:表示经常发生的情况;有规律出现的情况;总是发生的;和事实真理。   2.时间状语: Always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week(day, year, month…), on Sundays(on Mondays …),   3.基本结构:动词 原形 (如主语为第三人称单数,动词上要改为第三人称单数形式)   4.否定形式:主语+am/is/are +not+其他; 此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't, 如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。   5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首;用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。   6.例句:It seldom snows here.这里很少下雪。   He is always ready to help others.他总是乐于帮助别人。   Action speaks louder than words.事实胜于雄辩。
二、 一般过去时
  1.概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。   2.时间状语:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.   3.基本结构:主语+动词或be的过去时+名词   4.否定形式:主语+was/were +not+其他;在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。   5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。   6.例句:She often came to help us in those days.那些天她经常来帮助我们。   I didn't know you were so busy.我不知道你是这么忙。
三、 一般将来时
  1.概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。   2.时间状语:Tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.   3.基本结构:主语+am/is/are +going to + do+其它;主语+will/shall + do+其它   4.否定形式:主语+am/is/are not going to do ;主语+will/shall not do+其它   5.一般疑问句:be放于句首;will/shall提到句首。 {首字母大写}   6.例句:They are going to have a competition with us in studies.他们将有一场比赛和我们一起研究。   It is going to rain.天要下雨了。
四、 一般过去将来时
  1.概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。   2.时间状语:The next day (morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.   3.基本结构:主语+was/were +going to + do+其它;主语+would/should + do+其它   4.否定形式:主语+was/were+not + going to + do; 主语+would/should + not + do.   5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;would/should 提到句首。   6.例句:He said he would go to Beijing the next day.他说他第二天要去北京。   I asked who was going there.我问,谁要去那里。
五、 现在进行时
  1.概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。   2.时间状语:Now, at this time, days, etc. look. listen   3.基本结构:主语+be +doing +其它   4.否定形式:主语+be +not +doing+其它   5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。   6.例句:How are you feeling today?你今天感觉如何?   He is doing well in his lessons.在课上他表现得很好。
六、 过去进行时
  1.概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。   2.时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。   3.基本结构 主语+was/were +doing +其它   4.否定形式:主语+was/were + not +doing+其它   5.一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写)   6.例句:At that time she was working in a PLA unit.那段时间她在人民解放军部队工作。   When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.他进来时,我正在读报纸。
七、 将来进行时
  1.概念:表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作,或表示要在将来某一时间开始,并继续下去的动作。常用来表示询问、请求等。   2.时间状语:Soon, tomorrow, this evening,on Sunday, by this time,in two days, tomorrow evening   3.基本结构:主语+shall/will + be +现在分词+其它   4.否定形式:主语+shall/will + not + be +现在分词+其它   5.例句:This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.下一天的这个时间,他们正坐在电影院。   He won’t be coming to the party.他不去参加聚会了。
八、 过去将来进行时
  1.概念:表示就过去某一时间而言,将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作,主要用于宾语从句中,尤其多用于间接引语中。   2.基本结构:should/would + be +现在分词   3.例句:They said they would be coming.他们说了他们将要来。   He said he could not come because he would be having a meeting.他说他不能来因为要开会。
九、 现在完成时
  1.概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。   2.时间状语:yet,already,just,never,ever,so far,by now,since+时间点,for+时间段,recently, lately, in the past few years, etc.   3.基本结构:主语+have/has +p.p(过去分词)+其它   4.否定形式:主语+have/has + not +p.p(过去分词)+其它   5.一般疑问句:have或has放句首。   6.例句:I've written an article.我已经写了一篇论文。   The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.在过去的几年,农村发生了巨大的变化。
十、 过去完成时
  1.概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。   2.时间状语:Before, by the end of last year (term, month…), etc.   3.基本结构:主语+had + p.p(过去分词)+其它 4.否定形式:主语+had + not +p.p(过去分词)+其它   5.一般疑问句:had放于句首。   6.例句:As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.当我们到车站的时候,火车已经开走了。   By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books.到上个月底。我们已经复习了四本书。   基本结构:主语+had+p.p(过去分词)+其它   ①肯定句:主语+ had+p.p(过去分词)+其它   ②否定句:主语+ had+ not+p.p(过去分词)+其它   ③一般疑问句:Had+主语+p.p(过去分词)+其它   ④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
十一、 将来完成时
  1.概念:在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态   2.时间状语:by the time of; by the end of+时间短语(将来);by the time+从句(将来)   3.基本结构:主语+be going to/will/shall + have+p.p(过去分词)+其它   4例句:By the time you get back, great changes will have taken place in this area.到你回来的时候,就将发生巨大的变化。
十二、 过去将来完成时
  1.概念:表示在过去某一时间对将来某一时刻以前所会发生的动作,常用在虚拟语气中,表示与过去的事实相反。   2.基本结构:should/would have done sth.   3.例句:I thought you'd have left by this time.我想这会儿你已经走了。   He told them he would have finished it by 8 o'clock.他告诉他们他会在8点以前干完。
十三、 现在完成进行时
  1.概念:表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚刚开始,也可能仍在继续,并可能延续到将来。   2.基本结构:主语+have/has +been +doing+其它   3.时间状语:since+时间点,for+时间段等。   4.例子:I have been sitting here for an hour.我已经在这里坐了一个小时。   The children have been watching TV since six o'clock.从6点起,孩子们一直看电视。
十四、 过去完成进行时
  1.概念:表示某个正在进行的动作或状态,持续到过去某个时刻,还未完成,一直持续到之后的当前才结束。   2.基本结构:主语+ had + been + doing +其它   3.例子:She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.她在考试之前一直患重感冒。   Had they been expecting the news for some time?他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧?   4.特殊含义:①尚未完成:He had been writing the novel.他已经在写小说了。(他没写完)   ②企图:He had been studying the meaning of this proverb.他曾经学习过这个谚语。(他曾努力学习过它)   ③未得结果:We had been studying what our enemy had said.我们一直致力于敌人所说的。(但是我们没有理解)   ④最近情况:He had been quarrelling with his wife.他和他的妻子吵了一场架。(最近)   ⑤反复动作:He had been asking me the same question.他一直问我相同的问题。(屡次)   ⑥情绪:What had he been doing?他做了什么?(不耐烦)
十五、 将来完成进行时
  1.概念:表示动作从某一时间开始一直延续到将来某一时间。是否继续下去,要视上下文而定。   2.基本结构:shall/will have been doing   3.例子:I shall have been working here in this factory for twenty years by the end of the year.到今年年底,我将在这个工厂工作20年了。   If we don't hurry up the store will have been closing before we get there. 咱们如不快一点儿,等我们到了那儿,店门就会关了。
十六、 过去将来完成进行时
  1.概念:表示从过去某时看至未来某时以前会一直在进行的动作。   2.基本结构:should/would + have + been +现在分词   3.例子:He told me that by the end of the year he would have been living there for thirty years.他告诉我,到年底时,他就在那住了30年了。
宾语从句
  名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。   1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句   由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如:   He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。   We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。   注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如:   I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。   The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。   2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如:   I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。   She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。   She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。   3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:   a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。例如:   Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。   The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?现在的问题是她是否应该有对测试的小意见?   Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。   I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。   Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留?   4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用   不同时态。例如:   he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时)   he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时)   I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时)   he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时)   当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如:   The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.   5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如:   We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。   I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。
宾语从句
  名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。   1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句   由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如:   He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。   We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。   注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如:   I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。   The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。   2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如:   I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。   She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。   She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。   3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:   a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。例如:   Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。   The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?现在的问题是她是否应该有对测试的小意见?   Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。   I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。   Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留?   4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用   不同时态。例如:   he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时)   he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时)   I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时)   he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时)   当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如:   The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.   5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如:   We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。   I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。

好吧,我是来打酱油的。与其你在网上提问有疑虑,不如去买本薄冰语法。学英语的飘过。

我也希望要一份,如果LZ 收到好的答案,希望你能给我发一份,我的QQ 516645119,谢谢

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