中国英文简介 中国的英文简介
In the north of China, there lies a 6,700-kilometer-long (4,161-mile-long) ancient wall. Now well-known as the Great Wall of China, it starts at the Jiayuguan Pass of Gansu Province in the west and ends at the Shanhaiguan Pass of Hebei Province in the east. As one of the Eight Wonders in the world, the Great Wall of China has become the symbol of the Chinese nation and its culture.
Lots of beautiful legends and stories about the Great Wall took place following along the construction, and since that time these stories have spread around the country. Those that happened during construction are abundant, such as Meng Jiangnu's story and the legend of the Jiayuguan Pass. Meng Jiangnu's story is the most famous and widely spread of all the legends about the Great Wall. The story happened during the Qin Dynasty (221BC-206BC). It tells of how Meng Jiangnu's bitter weeping made a section of the Great Wall collapse. Meng Jiangnu's husband Fan Qiliang was caught by federal officials and sent to build the Great Wall. Meng Jiangnu heard nothing from him after his departure, so she set out to look for him. Unfortunately, by the time she reached the great wall, she discovered that her husband had already died. Hearing the bad news, she cried her heart out. Her howl caused the collapse of a part of the Great Wall. This story indicates that the Great Wall is the production of tens of thousands of Chinese commoners.
Another legend about the Jiayuguan Pass tells of a workman named Yi Kaizhan in the Ming Dynasty (1368BC-1644BC) who was proficient in arithmetic. He calculated that it would need 99,999 bricks to build the Jiayuguan Pass. The supervisor did not believe him and said if they miscalculated by even one brick, then all the workmen would be punished to do hard work for three years. After the completion of the project, one brick was left behind the Xiwong city gate. The supervisor was happy at the sight of the brick and ready to punish them. However Yi Kaizhan said with deliberation that the brick was put there by a supernatural being to fix the wall. A tiny move would cause the collapse of the wall. Therefore the brick was kept there and never moved. It can still be found there today on the tower of the Jiayuguan Pass.
In addition to the above-mentioned stories about the construction of the Great Wall, there are also plenty of stories about current scenic spots. A famous one is the legend of the Beacon Tower. This story happened during the Western Zhou Dynasty (11th century BC-711 BC). King You had a queen named Bao Si, who was very pretty. King You liked her very much, however Bao Si never smiled. An official gave a suggestion that setting the beacon tower on fire would frighten the King's subjects, and might make the queen smile. King You liked the idea. The subjects were fooled and Bao Si smiled at the sight of the chaos. Later enemies invaded Western Zhou, King You set the beacon tower on fire to ask for help. No subjects came to help because they had been fooled once before. Thus, King Zhou was killed by the enemy and Western Zhou came to an end.
Beautiful stories and legends about the Great Wall help to keep alive Chinese history and culture. In each dynasty after the building of the Great Wall, many more stories were created and spread.
历史
No one can tell precisely when the building of the Great Wall was started but it is popularly believed that it originated as a military fortification against intrusion by tribes on the borders during the earlier Zhou Dynasty. Late in the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC - 476 BC), the ducal states extended the defence work and built "great" structures to prevent the attacks from other states. It was not until the Qin Dynasty that the separate walls, constructed by the states of Qin, Yan and Zhao kingdoms, were connected to form a defensive system on the northern border of the country by Emperor Qin Shi Huang (also called Qin Shi Huangdi by westerners or the First Emperor). After the emperor unified the country in 214 BC, he ordered the construction of the wall. It took about ten years to finish and the wall stretched from Linzhao (in the eastern part of today's Gansu Province) in the west to Liaodong (in today's Jilin Province) in the east. The wall not only served as a defence in the north but also symbolized the power of the emperor.
From the Qin Dynasty onwards, Xiongnu, an ancient tribe that lived in North China, frequently harassed the northern border of the country. During the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu (Han Wu Di), sent three expeditions to fight against the Xiongnu in 127 BC, 121 BC and 119 BC. The Xiongnu were driven into the far north of the Gobi. To maintain the safety of the Hexi Corridor (today's Gansu Province), the emperor ordered the extension of the Great Wall westward into the Hexi Corridor and Xinjiang region. The ruins of the beacon towers and debris of the Han Wall are still discernible in Dunhuang, Yumen and Yangguan. A recent report shows that ruins of the Han Wall have been discovered near Lopnur in China's Xinjiang region.
Further construction and extensions were made in the successive Northern Wei, Northern Qi and Sui dynasties.
The present Great Wall in Beijing is mainly remains from the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644). During this period, bricks and granite were used when the workers laid the foundation of the wall and sophisticated designs and passes were built in the places of strategic importance. To strengthen the military control of the northern frontiers, the Ming authorities divided the Great Wall into nine zones and placed each under the control of a Zhen (garrison headquarters). The Ming Wall starts from Yalujiang River (in today's Heilongjiang Province), via today's Liaoning, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia provinces, to Guansu. The total length reaches 12,700 li (over 5,000 kilometers). The Shanhaiguan Pass and the Jiayuguan Pass are two well-preserved passes at either end.
Today, the Wall has become a must-see for every visitor to China. Few can help saying 'Wow!' when they stand on top of a beacon tower and look at this giant dragon. For centuries, the wall served succeeding dynasties as an efficient military defence. However, it was only when a dynasty had weakened from within that invaders from the north were able to advance and conquer. Both the Mongols (Yuan Dynasty, 1271-1368) and the Manchurians (Qing Dynasty, 1644-1911) were able take power because of weakness of the government and poverty of the people but never due to any possibility of weakness of the Wall.
你好，转:
中国使用“China”这个英文名称始于1912年，可是西方人在两千多年前就已经认知这个东亚国家的名称了。据有关专家经过多年的探索和考证，中国的英文名称“China”一词的词源，最早来源于公元前10世纪（有的学者提出是公元前5世纪和公元前15 世纪）的印度史诗《摩诃婆罗多》和《罗摩衍那》中出现的“Cina”一词；在公元前4世纪的古印度乔胝厘耶的《政事论》中，也曾提到过“Cina”；公元前5到4世纪的波斯赞美弗尔瓦丁神的诗中也曾出现过“Cina”；《旧约全书》中也有关于“Sinoa ”的记述。
对于“China”这一名称的来源和词义，在学术界一直是众说纷纭、各执其词，目前所见到的几种说法是：“瓷”、“秦”、“茶”、“丝”、“粳”和“苗语”说。
有学者提出：“China”是汉语“昌南”（原景德镇名）的音译。随着景德镇精细白瓷大量流传到海外，才使得“瓷”（china）成为“中国”的代名词。
《美国遗产大词典》的解释是，“China”一词与公元前三世纪的秦朝有关，“China”是秦国的“秦”的译音，这一观点首先是罗马传教士卫匡国（Martini, Martin）在1655年最早提出来的。
据记载，在公元前五世纪，东方的丝绸已成为希腊上层社会喜爱的衣料，因此，有学者认为“Cina”一词由来于丝绸的“丝”，其依据是希腊史学家克特西亚斯（Ctesias）在他的著作中提到了赛里斯人（Serica），由此认为“赛里斯”是由“Cin a”转变而来。持这一观点的学者是成都理工大学刘兴诗教授和上海东华大学教授周启澄先生。刘兴诗教授曾在论文《CHINA释义新探》中不仅提出， “China”一词源于丝绸，还认为：古时西土各国认定的“Cina”所在正是古蜀国，即今天的成都地区。“丝 国”并非指今日中国的全境。
重庆师范大学黄中模教授对于“Cina”的考证认为，“支那”可能为古苗语。古印度通过南丝绸之路与三苗文化盛行的中国南方关系密切，史诗里的“支那” 也是泛指古中国，这也是三苗文化在异域的表现。他表示，现今流传在苗族中“吉那”、“子腊”不仅与“ 支那”同音，在含意里也有“水田之乡”之意。
文化人类学家、民俗学家林河先生认为，印度梵语中的Cina，指的就是中国南方的粳稻民族，是“粳”的译音。印度东部的阿萨姆邦等地区，住有中国南方的粳稻民族， 种粳稻的民族自称为Cina （粳），因此，阿萨姆邦等地区的粳民也自称为“粳”，印度人就是依照粳民族的语言称他们为Cina（粳）了。
从时间上来看，景德镇的陶瓷出现于东汉，秦朝建立于公元前221年。从专家们提供的资料看，“Cina”一词在印度梵文中的出现的最迟时间也在公元前5世纪，中国茶叶的出口也要晚于这一时期。由此可见，印度梵文中的“Cina”和中国的“茶”、景德镇的“瓷”及中国秦国的“秦”并无关系。
关于赛里斯国的丝绸在西方的许多文献中有许多记载，如在《希腊拉丁作家远东古文献辑录》 （[法]戈岱司编耿?译）一书中，囊括了从公元前四世纪到公元十四世纪期间九十多部希腊文和拉丁文著作中关于塞里斯国的记述。希腊史学家克特西亚斯（Ctesias）在公元前四世纪就提到的赛里斯国（Serica）。专家们认为，由Serica演化出来英语的锡尔克（si lk）、俄语的旭尔克，均来源于中国“丝”字的谐音，是这些国家对丝绸的称呼。但在印度梵文中记录中国的名称是“Cina”，而由此衍生出的英文是 “China”，波斯文是“Chin”，阿拉伯文是“Sina”，拉丁文是“Sinae,” 法文是“Chine”，德文是 “China”，意大利文是“Cina”，俄文的“中国”名称是根据公元九世纪的辽国“契丹”（KITAN ，kitai）的音译得来的。很明显，在许多历史文献的记述里，那个生产丝绸和贩卖丝绸的赛里斯国（Serica）和古印度梵文中的“Cina”，代表的并不是同一个概念，所指的并不是同一个国家或地区，也就是说，“Cina”与“丝”并无关系。
我们可以肯定地说，“Cina”指的是东方的一个国家或者是一个社会集团，但是这个名称在当时所指的具体是哪一个区域、哪一个人类族体、其含义究竟是什么，现有的各种学说都不足以令人信服。我认为，古代中国的商、周版图远没有今天中国的版图这么辽阔，商、周对西方的影响远没有今天的中国对世界的影响这样宏大，在东亚辽阔的土地上除商、周以外，那些被商、周称为“东夷”、“北狄”、“西戎”、“南蛮” （自《礼记曲礼》）的族体则占据着东亚更广袤的土地。因此，我们无论是在探讨“Cina”的来历还是其含 义的时候，不能把视线仅限于商、周的区域。
无论是“苗语”说还是“粳”说，一致的观点是，“Cina”指的是今天中国南方的农耕民族。但是，我们也不能忽视东亚北部的游牧民族，因为东亚北部的游牧民族同样是东亚民族的一个重要组成部分，他们同样存在着拥有“Cina”这一名称的可能性。
一、称呼一个国家或一个社会集团无非是自称或他称，自称必能自圆其说，他称也必会自有其理。“Cina”一词的确切含义，西方人不能解释，今天的汉语也不能作出解释。笔者恰恰在戎狄的语言中找到了“Cina”一词的答案。
戎狄是匈奴的前身。《吕氏春秋审为篇》说：“狄人、猃狁，今日匈奴。”《晋书北狄传》也以为“匈奴之类，总谓之北狄。……夏曰獯鬻，殷曰鬼方，周曰猃狁，汉曰匈奴。” 在《魏书蠕蠕匈奴徒何高车列传》中记述：“高车，盖古赤狄之余种也。初号为狄历，北方以为高车、丁零。其语略与匈奴同而时有小异。”《周书突厥传》云： “突厥，大抵与匈奴同俗。”《隋书铁勒传》云：“其俗大抵与突厥同。”马长寿著《北狄与匈奴》云：“匈奴语言上的通则与蒙古语言上的通则，不相违背。” “匈奴、突厥、铁勒之俗又与蒙古同。突厥语中蒙古语成分的比重相当大。近代学者一致承认柔然使用的语言是蒙古语。柔然的部族皆高车，蒙古又是铁勒中土拉河北的部族。这样，从狄历、丁零、铁勒、高车、柔然、突厥到蒙古，世代相接，世系相衔，是为一脉相联也（ 《蒙古族族源考》苏日巴达拉哈）。“中国北方诸族之裔呈通古斯、蒙古、突厥三大语族并存的局面，是上古语言生态融合而成的较为简单的表象。以匈奴之庞大，其语言和血缘必然混杂；说它是一个多血缘多语言的部落联盟，或许更为恰当。……总的来看，它的人种和语言已经接近后世蒙古民族的形态；又由于通古斯部落是它的统治集团，其核心部落的语言可能更偏向于通古斯语。”（《奴的血缘和出逃路线》--朱学渊）这无疑证明了古代戎狄与匈奴、高车、蒙古之间的语言传承关系。因此，古代的戎狄或他的先人正是操着蒙古语，或大部分操着蒙古语的一个庞大的社会集团，因此， “Cina”一词的含义应该能够在今天的蒙古语中得到相应的解释。在蒙古语中，[ ]的读音可谓与“Cina”非常相象，读做“赤那”，意思为“狼”。
但是西方国家为什么称呼戎狄为“赤那”即“狼”呢？唯一的可能性是，戎狄以狼为图腾、打着狼旗东征西战。这种可能性可以在中国的史书对戎狄的后人们的记述中得到间接的证实。
在《蒙古秘史》的开篇第一章便说：“天命所生的苍色狼与惨白色鹿同渡腾吉思水来到斡难河源的不儿罕山前，产生了巴塔赤罕”。《国语·周语》记载着：“穆天子西狩犬戎，获其五王，得四白狼四白鹿以归”。史学家翦伯赞考证：“白狼白鹿是当时的氏族”（翦伯赞《中国史纲》，三联书店，1950年版）。这是很明显的图腾崇拜，是两个以狼和鹿为图腾的姻族。
《魏书·蠕蠕匈奴徒何高车列传》中记述：“俗云：匈奴单于生二女，姿容甚美，国人皆以为神。单于曰：‘吾有此女，安可配人？将以与天。’乃于国北无人之地筑高台，置二女其上曰：‘请天自迎之。’经三年，其母欲迎之。单于曰：‘不可，未彻之间耳。’复一年，乃有一老狼，昼夜守台嗥呼，因穿台下为空穴，经时不去。其小女曰：‘吾父处我于此，欲以与天，而今狼来，或是神物，无使之然。’将下就之。其姊夫惊曰：‘此是畜生，无乃辱父母？’妹不从，下为狼妻而产子。后遂滋繁成国。故其人好引声长歌，又似狼嗥。” 这是一个典型的族源说的例子。
《魏书·列传第四十九》记载，“突厥之先，平凉杂胡也，姓阿史那氏。后魏太武灭沮渠氏，阿史那以五百家奔茹茹（“茹茹”也称为“柔然”），世居金山，工于铁作。金山状如兜鍪，俗呼兜鍪为‘突厥’，因以为号。或云，其先国于西海之上，为邻国所灭，男女无少长尽杀之。至一?，不忍杀，刖足断臂，弃于大泽中。有一牝狼，每衔肉至其所，此?因食之，得以不死。其后遂与狼交，狼有孕焉。彼邻国者，复令人杀此，而狼在其侧。使者将杀之，其狼若为神所凭，?然至于海东，止于山上。其山在高昌西北，下有洞穴，狼入其中，遇得平壤茂草，地方二百余里。其后狼生十男，其一姓阿史那氏，最贤，遂为君长，故牙门建狼头纛，示不忘本也。”此记载中的“阿史那”就是“赤那”，“狼头纛”就是狼头旗。唐朝的王涯在其诗中就写到：“旌甲从军久，风云识阵难。今朝韩信计，日下斩成安。燕颔多奇相，狼头敢犯边。寄言班定远，正是立功年。”这里的“狼头”指的正是打着狼头徽号战旗的北方游牧民族。 31976希望对你有帮助！
There are fifty-six peoples in our country.We get along well with each other and often disasters can draw us more together.besides,chinese food is very famous for its good tast and nutrition.many people in other countries are fond of it and try their best to cook it.Every year,plenty of foreigners from different countries come china to have a sightseeing.here you can look around lots of places of interest.
I really hope our country will become more and more flourishing and pople will live a happier and happier life.I'm a chinese man and I am proud of being born in china.
众所周知,中国是世界上四大文明古国之一.事实上,它的历史远比我们所知道的要长久.因为它的长久性,在中国很多地方你可以发现古代建筑和历史书籍.在中国你找一个人要比你在其他任何国家找人都容易,也就是说,中国是世界上人口最多的国家.可是这个状况也给咱们国家带来了很大的负担.
我们国家有56个民族.我们彼此和睦,灾难常常让我们更加团结.除此以外,中国菜因为它的美味和营养而著名.世界上很多人都喜欢中国菜,并且尽力学着做它.每年,大批来自世界各地的外国人来中国旅游.到这你能欣赏到很多风景名胜.
我真的希望我们国家会变得越来越繁荣,人民过上越来越幸福的生活.我是一个中国人,我以出生在中国而感到骄傲.
求采纳
China
is
located
in
east
Asia.中国坐落在东亚
It
is
one
of
the
oldest
countries
over
the
world.是世界上最古老的国家之一
It
has
many
wonders
of
the
world,such
as
The
Great
Wall,Terracotta
Warriors
and
Horses.它有像长城、兵马俑这样的世界奇观
The
largest
palace
of
the
world
the
Forbidden
City
is
located
in
Chinese
capital
Beijing.首都北京有着世界上最大的宫殿——故宫
The
29th
summer
Olympic
Games
was
just
held
in
Beijing
and
other
Chinese
cities
in
2008
August.
北京在2008年成功举办了奥运会
The
last
hidden
world
最后的隐世净土
中国
China
For
centuries,
travellers
to
China
have
told
tales
of
magical
landscapes
and
surprising
creatures.
数世纪来
旅人传诵着关于这片神奇土地
以及那些神奇生物的传说
Chinese
civilization
is
the
world's
oldest
civilazation.
中国文明是世界最古老的文明
and
today
it's
largest
而如今是最宏博的
with
well
over
a
billion
people
那数十亿的人民
It's
home
to
more
than
50
distinct
ethnic
groups
现存超过五十个民族
and
a
wide
range
of
traditional
life
styles
以及各式各样贴近自然的
often
inclose
partnership
with
nature
传统生活方式
We
know
that
China
faces
immense
social
and
environmental
problems
我们都知道中国面对着着众多社会
环境问题
but
there
is
great
beauty
here
too
但这里也存在着令人窒息的美丽
I LOVE CHINA
